20th+Century+Nationalism

themes of this unit:
 * rise of US as superpower
 * new countries formed
 * new political ideologies: communism, totalitarianism, fascism

1) Notes on 636-643:
 * ~ Changes: ||~ Continuities: ||
 * * more new nations arose
 * boundary changes
 * new political systems and new social structures
 * European Union formed
 * European dominance began to decrease- because of civil wars (WWI and WWII)
 * new technology "shrunk the world" and redefined the military - warfare grew steadily
 * population growth- new public health measures, improvements in food supply/distribution, massive urbanization, industrial growth
 * political changes: wider use of democracy, totalitarian gov'ts, new forms of authoritarianism
 * oil-producing states took over vital global resources
 * import substitution
 * china= global manufacturing engine
 * brazil= world's 4th largest computer exporter
 * more complex world economy
 * nationalism, marxism, western consumerism
 * new migrations to US and Japan
 * human impact on environment began to increase || * rural regions mantained older economic and social forms
 * many societies refused to change social structures like gender relations.
 * many regions tried to change while still keeping older traditions as the base for change
 * people still kept their customs alive ||

2) Notes on pg. 647-649 causes of WWI:
 * 1) Germany was growing economically and in military power--> Russia allied with France
 * 2) Triple Entente: Great Briatin, Russia, France
 * 3) military build-up
 * 4) Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated by Serbian guy

basic causes of WWI:
look at: []
 * 1) ==alliances==
 * 2) ==imperialism==
 * 3) ==militarism==
 * 4) ==nationalism==
 * 5) ==crises==



3) I See: It Means: 4) Read 14 points
 * # people on a pot
 * 1) Balkan troubles exploding from pot
 * 2) people are not letting thing in pot get out
 * 3) "the boiling point"
 * 4) pot is almost bursting || # they're trying to keep the pot from opening...they were wearing different uniforms, meant they're from different countries
 * 5) there are so many problems conserning the Balkans that they're almost exploding
 * 6) its almost like those people on top of the balkan problems want to look like they're containing the problem but they;re actually not
 * 7) thats the certain point in which the pot will explode, no more use in trying to contain the problems
 * 8) everything is already to far ahead, theres no use in trying to cover anything up because the problems are already too mature and developed to stop from happening ||
 * 1) everything is already to far ahead, theres no use in trying to cover anything up because the problems are already too mature and developed to stop from happening ||

5) questions on the 14 points: -essential powers....mentions building of armies -talks about domination, dont want germany to rule the world -certain rights had been violated -since US is part of the world, they have the right to get into worldly affairs -no one above each other -disaster policies -world policies -measures that need to be taken -they were trying to come up with solutions for WWI -theyd agree because theyre allies -theyd work together anyways, so they probably have the same reaction and feelings -the main goal is to not let Germany take over the world
 * How does the introduction relate to the causes of WWI?
 * What does Wilson suggest was the reason for American entry into the war?
 * How would you summarize the main objectives of the 14 Points?
 * How might the colonies of Britain and France react to the 14 points?

INDIA

MI: At first, India had violent approaches to get their independance but, because of Ghandi, their approaches became more peaceful.

- The **National Congress party** was formed to promote the fight for independent rights and fair positions; mostly for elites and upper-class however, not the poor and/or middle class. - Tensions, however, grew when the Indians realized that they too were qualified for certain government positions but were denied due to European racism against them. - Right to independence movement grew in strength as Indians began to realize that they were more linguistically diverse, religious, and ethnic than Europeans were; nationalism power increased.

MI: Indian investors began schooling in in Europe so they were becoming smarter and comprehending what the English were talking about about and started to hate the way they were being treated, towards racism and favoritism.

- Indian leaders stressed on the "drain" that the British are doing to their natural resources; they believed that protection from Britain was not worth it cutting that deep into their natural resources. - British also used Indian resources and money in order to fund their armies, which the Indians were displeased at. -In addition to the economic costs, health issues were largely ignored by Great Britain, and they gradually got worse in the villages of India.

MI: Some Indian groups used violence to rebel against poor economic and social conditions.

-Other Hindu communalists used violence as a way to get their points across to the British, but the British easily put them down due to small numbers and limited support. -In the end, the removal of these terrorist groups actually helped to provide economic and social rights to the Indians with the **Morley-Minto reforms**.
 * -B.G. Tilak** used the power of mass demonstrations in the form of politics to try and advocate for these rights; however, radical Hindu beliefs and values, as well as underground terrorist connections failed his cause.

MI: Altough many believed that Ghandi was the main leader who without, victory would not be poosible, there were other leaders who had a great influence in winning against Great Britain... but they didnt win due to new laws.

- The **Montagu-Chelmsford reforms** increased the power of Indian legislators at all levels of the government, but was counteracted by the **Rowlatt Act** which placed severe restrictions on key civil rights. -Ghandi appealed to the masses with his moderate, passive-aggressive approaches he called **satyagraha.**
 * -Mohandas Ghandi** rose as a new leader to protest against these injustices committed by the government.
 * unfair treatment by British **
 * Indian poverty and food shortages---> WWI **
 * WWI: soldiers, money, why? **
 * Indian exposure to western education---> self determination **
 * British reneged on promises- WWI **

Leader Analysis Sheet

Leaders Gaining Power - Came from a western-educated facility; was a lawyer. - Was also from a Hindu-ascetic + guru. - Helped Indians gain rights in Africa after restrictive laws had been passed. - Had large support from other Indians due to his viewpoints ||  || - Believed in peace. - Sought rights for the Indian people - Wished for radical changes within the government but accomplished this through gradual nonviolent, aggressive actions ||  || - Conducted **satyagraha**, protests/boycotts/peaceful mass demonstrations. - Gathered a large Indian following due to popularity. - Unified the Indian population. ||  ||   || - Unification of Indian people led to greater defense/attacks against colonization. - Brought hope to the Indian people about their situation ||  || Long-Term Effects - Fight for independence would be achieved for India. - Less bickering among the various groups fighting for independence due to unification from Ghandi - Largely a peaceful fight of independence due to Ghandi�s ideals. ||  ||
 * |||| Name of Leader: Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi ||  ||
 * || Lifespan 10/2/1869 � 1/30/1948 ||  || Title: Bapu ||   ||
 * || Country/region: India ||  || Years in Power N/A ||   ||
 * |||| Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to
 * || Country/region: India ||  || Years in Power N/A ||   ||
 * |||| Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to
 * |||| Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to
 * |||| Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to
 * |||| Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * |||| Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * || Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * || Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * || Short-Term effects:
 * || Short-Term effects:

- An identity is the unique personality, character traits, beliefs, values, etc, specific to one, single person. - Our identities are formed based upon our own experiences of the world, and how our beliefs, values, etc. shape those experiences into what we can take away from them. - Our identity influences we see other people because our own sets of values and beliefs that make up our identity affect how we see other people; whether we agree with their own sets or disagree. - Conformity is forcing oneself to accept other people's own sets of values and beliefs due to pressure of some sort. - A society can not determine who fits and who does not fit; everyone has their own unique sets and values that it is impossible to determine so. - Our attitudes and beliefs influence our thinking by making us believe what is best for own interests, whether that's self-interests or the interests of other people. - Belonging to a group means that one shares similar sets of beliefs and values as the rest of the group/people. - Membership is defined as having the right set of beliefs and values needed to be accepted within the group, and for the person, he or she needs to personally agree with the beliefs and values of that group before being granted membership.

>
 * nice
 * goal oriented
 * likes to sleep
 * likes to play piano
 * likes to sing
 * brazilian
 * wants to go to Berklee college of music or gordon college
 * loves spring
 * 17 years old
 * born in 9/03/1993
 * from Rio de Janeiro
 * live in malden, MA
 * lived in Orlando, FL
 * likes art class
 * has leadership roles in the church
 * music leader at Boston Metro
 * enjoys taking the train
 * likes to drive
 * doesnt have permit
 * doesnt like to do homeowork
 * believes in God

MIDDLE EAST

I think this is the Middle East because I'm pretty sure it covers the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It also includes Turkey, which is part of the Middle East.

media type="custom" key="8868046"

Notes Pg. 661-666 and 727-729

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East
 * MI:
 * uprisings of egyptian leaders were mostly aiming for the libration of Egyptian people from the Turkish overlords and european meddlers
 * british occupation=double colonization for egyptians by teukish khedives and their british advisors
 * Lord Cromer- dominated government policy; pushed for much needed economic reforms that reduced debt of the puppet khedival regime
 * irrigation projects, bureaucracy reforms, public works overseen by Cromer
 * British were forced to rely on local, estate-owning notables in extending their control into the rural areas---> ayan recieved most of the benefits of the new irrigation works, railways and increasing orientation of egyptian agriculture for the export market
 * ayan turned smallholder owners into landless tenants and laborers.
 * BIG difference between wealthy and peasants
 * effendi- prosperous business and professional families, making up most of the middle class
 * 1890's---> newspapers in arabic exposed mistakes of the british and corruption of the khedival regime.

pg 798-801, 802-804

MI: Revolutions involving the government could only be realistically enacted by military leaders due to their power and leadership, but once successful, these same military leaders failed to enact major reform changes to resolve the social and economic issues of Egypt. - The **Free Officers movement**, alongside the **Muslim Brotherhood**, were able to topple over the khedive Farouk after World War I when there was large discontent with the khedive. -Nasser, put in charge of ruling Egypt, failed to prevent the corruption of the bureaucracy and their intended land reforms with the aristocracy. -His successors, **Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak**, were slightly more successful by opening up Egypt to aid and investment from U.S. and Western Europe, but corruption could still not be controlled.

MI: Iran's revolution was intended to drive out Western influences and promote social and economic changes, however, their opposition against the West came back full force in the Iran-Iraq War, and their reforms backfired under a new radical leader. -**Ruhollah Khomeini**'s revolution drove out the shah that was ruling Iran and backed up by Western powers. Opposition to the shah originated from oppression of the religious leaders, merchants, and middle class people that the shah came to depend on for support. -With Khomeini as leader, he abolished Western influences which were deemed as satanic, as well as bringing in new radical leaders that would obey his every command. His reforms were cut short by the Iran-Iraq War. -The West fully backed up Iraq and Saddam Hussein in the war, and with Iran's inferior warfare technology, Iran easily surrounded, but not before tens of thousands of soldiers, men and boys, were killed.



Leader Analysis Sheet

January 1918 - 28 September 1970 ||   || Title: President ||   || 1956 � 28 September 1970 ||   || movement. - Strong political power within the movement. ||  || - Emphasized individual growth. - Stiff restrictions on foreign investments. ||  || - Helped temporarily relieve economic stress/pressurefor civilians. - Helped better Egypt as a whole. ||  || Long-Term Effects - Mostly failed in the long run due to corruption of aristocracy + bureaucracy. - Large/increasing population caused failure of reform plans. ||  ||
 * |||| Name of Leader: Nasser ||  ||
 * || Lifespan: 15
 * || Lifespan: 15
 * || Lifespan: 15
 * || Country/region: Egypt ||  || Years in Power:  23 June
 * || Country/region: Egypt ||  || Years in Power:  23 June
 * |||| Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power - Leader/one of the officers of the Free Officers
 * |||| Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power - Leader/one of the officers of the Free Officers
 * |||| Ideology, Motivation, Goals: - Committed to revolution. - Believed that only the state had the power to carry out reforms, social and economic. ||  ||
 * |||| Significant Actions & events During Term of Power - Suppressed the Muslim Brotherhood. - Made the government intervene in all ways of Egyptian life. - Limits were made on how much land an individual could hold. - >30% of Egypt�s workforce was on state payroll.
 * |||| Significant Actions & events During Term of Power - Suppressed the Muslim Brotherhood. - Made the government intervene in all ways of Egyptian life. - Limits were made on how much land an individual could hold. - >30% of Egypt�s workforce was on state payroll.
 * |||| Significant Actions & events During Term of Power - Suppressed the Muslim Brotherhood. - Made the government intervene in all ways of Egyptian life. - Limits were made on how much land an individual could hold. - >30% of Egypt�s workforce was on state payroll.
 * || Short-Term effects:
 * || Short-Term effects:

Leader Analysis Sheet

Leaders Gaining Power - Believed that he was a heavenly-inspired deliverer. - Opposed the Western governments. ||  || Iran. - Promised protection and paradise to followers, even if they were defeated in battle. - Rescue the Islamic faith from the imperialist Westerners and corrupt leaders within the Islamic world. ||  ||   ||
 * |||| Name of Leader: Khomeini ||  ||
 * || Lifespan: September 22, 1902 � June 3 1989 ||  || Title: Imam ||   ||
 * || Contry/region: Iran ||  || Years in Power: December 3, 1979 � June 3, 1989 ||   ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to
 * || Ideology, Motivation, Goals: - Wanted to topple the Westernized governments set up in
 * || Ideology, Motivation, Goals: - Wanted to topple the Westernized governments set up in

- Distanced the country of Iran from atheist communities. - Implemented laws following religious beliefs. - Women�s rights were severely decreased; veiling came back. ||  || - Women’s powers were weakened. - Iran shortly became back a country of faith - Loss of support from the Western powers ||  || long term effects - Radical leadership + refusal to accept Western technology led to massive defeat in Iraq-Iran War. - Above; also led to refusal to sign peace treaties with Iraq. ||  ||   ||
 * |||| Significant Actions & events During Term of Power - Constitutional/Leftist Parties + allies of revolution were repressed. - Moderate leaders replaced by radical leaders willing to follow Khomeini. - Influences of Western powers were purged.
 * Short-Term effects:

AFRICA

Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)

map: date of independence: april 18, 1980 who did they gain independence from? United Kingdom how did the state gain its independence? timeline? details. > > Britain responded with economic sanctions, the withdrawal of Her Majesty's ambassador to Rhodesia , and effective travel bans on Rhodesian leaders. > > For about five years, the government of Rhodesia, which represented only the white colonial residents, and not the black majority, remained loyal to Queen Elizabeth. In 1970, the leadership changed Rhodesia to a republic (still of only the white minority). > > The Republic survived eight years of civil war with African nationalist rebels, and was then persuaded to relinquish control. For about a year, Rhodesia reverted to British control as a sort of protectorate while the new leaders ( Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe, president and prime minister, but I can't remember who was which) set up their government and demobilized their rebel armies. (Partly.) > > In 1979, by negotiated settlement, Zimbabwe declared its independence from Britain. (Within a year, Mugabe deposed Nkomo. Mugabe is still president.)
 * The **Unilateral Declaration of Independence** (**UDI**) of [|Rhodesia] from the [|United Kingdom] was signed on November 11, 1965, by the administration of [|Ian Smith], whose [|Rhodesian Front] party opposed black majority rule in the then [|British colony].[|[][|1][|]] Although it declared independence from the United Kingdom it maintained allegiance to [|Queen Elizabeth II]. The British government, the [|Commonwealth], and the [|United Nations] condemned the move as illegal. Rhodesia reverted to //de facto// and //de jure// British control as "the [|British Dependency] of [|Southern Rhodesia]" for a brief period in 1979 to 1980, before regaining its independence as [|Zimbabwe] in 1980.
 * In 1965, Ian Smith, the prime minister of the British colony of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) issued his famous Unilaterial Declaration of Independence.
 * Zimbabwe gained independance officially on 18 april 1980. It was called Rhodesia before and was run by Ian Smith . Mugabe´s party ZANU fought against Smith in a 15 year guerilla war and after a violent election they won in 1980.

believed in equal rights for muslims and europeans abdelhamid ben badis- founded group of muslim scholars || * one-party socialist state 1962- key players in settling treaty with portugal savimbi- against nationalization || * played by war and guerilla struggles lansana conte- offical president but people rigged the votes ahmed sekou toure- prseident from 58-84 || * there were a lot of conflicts in the govt but everything is good now || may 31,1910 declared republic: may 31, 1963 nelson mandela jacob zuma- current president ||
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria || 1962 || turkish ottomans then french || * french settlers didnt want to be independent from france
 * guerrilas launched attacks on algeria
 * sevrte army organization-french settlers who didnt want independence
 * march 1962- cease-fire between fnl and govt
 * nationalism began to arise
 * cinflict between french, nationalsists, and even president
 * referendum in 1961 || charles de gaulle
 * Angola || nove. 11, 1957 || portugal || * economy based on exporting slave
 * 1948- movement of young intellectuals, forst steps of nationalism
 * 1951- angola had a little more control of themselves
 * 1953- first nationalist party
 * 1956- communist party formed
 * uprising against forced cotton harvesting || holden alvaro roberto- first attack on portuguese
 * uprising against forced cotton harvesting || holden alvaro roberto- first attack on portuguese
 * leaders dont last very long
 * require aid from other nations
 * life expectancy among worst in the world
 * a lot of influence of other nations and cant survive by themselves ||
 * Belgian Congo || jube 30, 1960 || belgians || * used violence to gain independence
 * mostly used for manufacturing rubber
 * africans worked mines and plantations on four-seven year contracts
 * leopold gained wealt...gained greed
 * if they refuse to supply the ruubber, villages will be burned, hands get cut off
 * colony belonged to Leopold, not as a colony, it belonged to him and he personally gained any wealth in produced
 * movement geared towards getting him out of there
 * gave control of congo to his parliament
 * || * Leopold ll- free state of congo
 * patrice lumumba- young attractive intelligent guy who understands as hes negotiating his way to independence, the dynamic of cold war strategy of us and soviet union
 * || * democratic republic of congo (became known as zaire)
 * undeveloped and social unrest ||
 * Ghana || march 5, 1957 || britain || * first sub-saharan state to gain independence
 * inspired by indian independence movements, saw weakness if british soldiers
 * descrimination, jobs for white
 * growing group of intellectuals
 * 1st nationalist party united gold coast convention
 * nonviolent protests
 * february 28, 1948...marched at christianborg castle to say how theywere being mistreated, soldiers ordered to shoot... "The Big Six"
 * people got mad that their own people were killed
 * riots, boycots aginst british goods
 * nkrumah released from jail and became major leader || Nkumah || * successful, today: one of the most economically stable countries in Africa
 * high literacy rate
 * high mixture of west influences ||
 * Guinea || oct. 2, 1958 || french || * wars caused by slave trades destroyed the nation
 * european goods replaced locally produced goods
 * french dominated coast
 * after WW2 fench educated guineans were allowed to vote
 * 1891- subdivision of french west africa
 * 1945- france= weak economic and social conditions (after ww2)
 * 1952- ahmed sekou toure- general of democratic state
 * 1960-1973--> many conflicts within govt. people tried to overthrow the govt
 * gained independence in 1958 || alpha conde- new president
 * Kenya || sep. 12, 1963 || british || * kenyatta wanted to unite the white settlers and blacks
 * kenyans became upset with british b/c they were taking u their fertile land, had no say in givt, etc
 * modernization...triggers for change...wanted to improve the country
 * not using subsistence farming...mainly everything was about the land || jomo kenyatta- leader of kenyan african movement || * economic challeges
 * violence
 * govt=democrary
 * corruption in govt ||
 * Madagascar || june 26, 1960 || french || * food shortages
 * revolt really violent
 * french regained control, malagasi formed parties to gain control back
 * || philibert tsiranana- pro western, helped bring western ideas into madagascar || * economic struggles
 * high level of ethnic mixing
 * large groups of indian, arab, chinese, african, french descent
 * South Africa ||
 * South Africa ||
 * * formerly 4 british colonies
 * guerrila wars...violence the only answer
 * white minority ignored black majority
 * blacks segregated
 * literacy movement
 * forced labor
 * confiscation of crops
 * minerals
 * inflation || leaders: De Klerk- get rid of aprtheid system...shock for africans b/c he was white
 * || * successful> yes b/c they got rid of apartheid system
 * 1948- white govt came to power
 * land redistribution- attempting to be fixed by 2004
 * major HIV problem (most in the world) ||

summary on africa: (handwritten) THE WEST
 * **What were the major effects of decolonization post WWII on Europe?**
 * western governments typically retained important cultural relations with their former colonies and sometimes provided administrative as well as military help
 * wetsern economic interests remained strong
 * important minorities of former sttlers and officials came home mad
 * europe's power in the world=significantly reduced
 * US and SU--> forced quick end to hostilities and colonial lifeline into non-western hands
 * no economic growth/suffering of internal political stability


 * How did the Cold War divide Europe? What were the implications of this division?
 * SU occupied most of eastern europe, imputted communist regimes while excluding opposition political movements
 * EASTERN BLOC- (Poland, Czech., Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary)...Baltic states dissapeared, Poland lost territory to Russia
 * SU occupation of the eastern zone of germay=closer to heart of europe
 * europe divided into 4 zones:
 * US
 * Britain
 * France
 * SU
 * implications:
 * iron curtain, seperated free and not free europe
 * communism v. democracy=east v. west
 * internal conflicts= internal wars??
 * US tries to intervene, Marshall Plan- granted money to western europe, to strengthen it...conflict b/w US and eastern europe
 * Berlin divided in 2, east/west...SU blockaded east berlin, US flew in supplies (Berlin Wall)


 * Why did European governments move towards Liberal Democracies?


 * What was the welfare state? Why did they develop? what were the issues?


 * Trace growing diplomatic relationships within Europe


 * Outline economic development in Europe


 * Outline the post war development of the non-European West (Excluding the United States)


 * Explain the growing role of the United States in world affairs


 * Trace developments for women in the post war West


 * Outline cultural developments in Europe.