Spain+and+Portugal+in+the+Americas

ESPIRIT on spanish colonies

E - Provided/traded gold, silver, and new crops. - Encomiendas were created as grants of American Indian laborers; i.e. serfs = Indians. - Slaves were needed for labor force, in addition to serfs. - Sugar was popular. - Expeditions/treasures on a shared basis; crown gets 1/5 of all treasures, special skills gained double their loot. - Grants of land became popular for wealth. - Enforced **mita**, or forced labor, on Indians to work on state projects (church construction or road building). - Agrarian societies, but mining was most important. Precious metals began world economy. Silver more worth than gold. - ﻿spanish and portuguese shaped traditions that carried over to the spanish colonies = -main idea: slaves and serfs were a necessary burden to the economy of the colonies =
 * Controlled trade with Americas with help of a **consulado**, merchant guild

S

- Commoners went to New World in hopes of becoming conquerors. Hoped to become nobility by dominating peasantry (Indians). - Indians essentially became serfs to Spaniards, valued as humans “born to serve”. - Indian nobility treated as middlemen in Spanish colonies between labor and tax systems. -spain and portuguese very urban -peasants lived in small towns and villages -patriarchal family adapted to latin america where encomiendas provided work -women and natives were exploited by the conquerors = -main idea: the New World provided opportunities for Europeans to expand their social status =
 * **Haciendas** became basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy in many areas.

P - Applied Roman models when creating new settlements. - Created administrative institutions (governorship, treasury office, royal court of appeals, staffed by professional magistrates). - Crown feared new nobility; restricted encomiendas’ ability to demand labor from Indians, and prevented inheritance of encomiendas. - **Recopilacion** codified laws into basis for government. - Used two **viceroyalities** to represent the king in the colonies. -political centrilization of portugal and castile relied on a professional bureaucracy made up of men such as lawyers and judges -Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabela of Castile created program of unification that sought to eliminate the religious and ethnic diversity within their kingdoms...led to population decrease (jews forced to convert or leave so many left) = -main idea: the political structure of latin america paralleled that of Spain. =
 * Divided into 10 judicial divisions, audiencias...helped make and apply law

I - Interacted with natives, adopting their customs and aspects, while introducing their own customs and aspects. - Introduced diseases to natives. That and conquest wiped out most of the natives. - **Hernan Cortes** conquered the Aztecs w/ help from their natural enemies; replaced Tenochtitlan with Mexico City. - **Francisco Vasquez de Coronado** explored Kansas; **Pedro de Valdivia** conquered Araucanians of Chile. = ﻿-main idea: there were 3 eras of conquest in which they dominated the Americas and Mexico =

R - Close connection between church and the state. - Religious priests and royal administrators tried to end abuse of Indians. Started by **Bartolome de Las Casas**. - Conquerers hoped to convert the Indians they encountered on their expedition. - Conversion should be taken with peaceful means. = - main idea: Christianity was set as the main religion of the colonies and those not following it were forced to leave or convert. = 

I - Period of reform and reorganization in 18th century lead to revolt/revolution. - Were their actions justified in conquering the Indians? ...books written and protests by priests made to answer this at the time - Majority believed Indians needed “saving” and were born to serve. - Architecture and art stimulated by religious ideas. - Works of literature revolved around religion. - Schools run by clergy. = ﻿-main idea: people wondered if the conquests were justified and this led to new works of literature and new ways people saw each other. =

T - Use of horse, firearms, and steel weapons (Spainards) was better than use of stone technology (Indians) - European livestock replaced lives of Indians. - Used two **galleons** annually, heavily armed ships to transport silver and other goods. = ﻿-main idea: the europeans were more prepared for battle than the natives in the colonies = = = = = = ﻿summarize the impact of spanish colonization on the americas: =